Brazilian Consensus on Photoprotection

Brazil is a country of continental dimensions with a large heterogeneity of climates and massive mixing of the population. Almost the entire national territory is located between the Equator and the Tropic of Capricorn, and the Earth axial tilt to the south certainly makes Brazil one of the countries of the world with greater extent of land in proximity to the sun. The Brazilian coastline, where most of its population lives, is more than 8,500 km long. Due to geographic characteristics and cultural trends, Brazilians are among the peoples with the highest annual exposure to the sun. Epidemiological data show a continuing increase in the incidence of non-melanoma and melanoma skin cancers. Photoprotection can be understood as a set of measures aimed at reducing sun exposure and at preventing the development of acute and chronic actinic damage. Due to the peculiarities of Brazilian territory and culture, it would not be advisable to replicate the concepts of photoprotection from other developed countries, places with completely different climates and populations. Thus the Brazilian Society of Dermatology has developed the Brazilian Consensus on Photoprotection, the first official document on photoprotection developed in Brazil for Brazilians, with recommendations on matters involving photoprotection.

Brazilian consensus on photoprotection.

Brazil is a country of continental dimensions with a large heterogeneity of climates and massive mixing of the population. Almost the entire national territory is located between the Equator and the Tropic of Capricorn, and the Earth axial tilt to the south certainly makes Brazil one of the countries of the world with greater extent of land in proximity to the sun. The Brazilian coastline, where most of its population lives, is more than 8,500 km long. Due to geographic characteristics and cultural trends, Brazilians are among the peoples with the highest annual exposure to the sun. Epidemiological data show a continuing increase in the incidence of non-melanoma and melanoma skin cancers. Photoprotection can be understood as a set of measures aimed at reducing sun exposure and at preventing the development of acute and chronic actinic damage. Due to the peculiarities of Brazilian territory and culture, it would not be advisable to replicate the concepts of photoprotection from other developed countries, places with completely different climates and populations. Thus the Brazilian Society of Dermatology has developed the Brazilian Consensus on Photoprotection, the first official document on photoprotection developed in Brazil for Brazilians, with recommendations on matters involving photoprotection.

Postoperative outcome of patients with prosthetic valve leak.

BACKGROUND: Prosthetic valve leak is a possible complication of surgical valve replacement. Although uncommon, its consequences may be serious. Few studies correlate the degree of prosthetic valve leak with clinical events. OBJECTIVE: To compare the postoperative outcome of patients with mild/moderate (Mi/Mo) or severe (Sev) prosthetic valve leak METHODS: A total of 185 patients with prosthetic valve leak were selected among 1350 patients undergoing heart valve surgery between 1999 and 2001. Of these, a sample of 58 patients (37 men) with prosthetic valve leak (36 with Mi/Mo versus 22 with Sev leak) in the pre and/or postoperative period of heart valve replacement had complete medical record data, so their clinical, laboratory and echocardiographic data could be retrospectively assessed. RESULTS: The incidence of reoperation was 11.1% in the Mi/Mo group, versus 22.7% in the Sev group (odds ratio = 2.35 [95% CI 0.56-9.94]). Endocarditis was the cause of reoperation in 75% of the patients of the Mi/Mo group and in 60% of the Sev group. Aortic bioprostheses were those most frequently related to leak (55.8% in the Mi/Mo group and 57.7% in the Sev group). Forty percent of the patients with previous Mi/Mo leak did not present prosthetic valve leak on postoperative day 2 versus 21.4% of the patients with Sev prosthetic valve leak. No significant differences were found regarding laboratory variables. CONCLUSIONS: (1) Patients with severe leak are more likely to undergo reoperation. (2) Endocarditis was the most frequent cause of reoperation for any leak degree. (3) Severe prosthetic valve leak is more difficult to fully resolve after surgical treatment.

Evolução pós-operatória de pacientes com refluxo protético valvar / Evolución postoperatoria de pacientes con reflujo protésico valvular / Postoperative outcome of patients with prosthetic valve leak

FUNDAMENTO: O refluxo de prótese valvar é uma possível complicação da cirurgia de troca valvar. Embora raro, suas consequências podem ser graves. Há poucos estudos que correlacionam o grau do refluxo de prótese valvar com os eventos clínicos dos pacientes. OBJETIVO: Comparar a evolução pós-operatória de pacientes com refluxo de prótese valvar discreto/moderado (D/M) ou importante (Imp). MÉTODOS: Dentre 1.350 pacientes submetidos a cirurgia valvar entre 1999 e 2001, foram selecionados 185 pacientes com refluxo de prótese valvar. Desses pacientes, foram avaliados retrospectivamente dados clínicos, laboratoriais e ecocardiográficos de uma amostra de 58 pacientes (37 homens) com refluxo de prótese valvar no pré e/ou no pós-operatório de troca valvar com dados completos em prontuários, sendo 36 com refluxo D/M versus 22 com refluxo Imp. RESULTADOS: A incidência de reoperação foi de 11,1 por cento no Grupo D/M versus 22,7 por cento no Grupo Imp (odds ratio = 2,35 [IC95 por cento 0,56-9,94]). Endocardite foi a causa de reoperação em 75 por cento dos pacientes do Grupo D/M e em 60 por cento do Grupo Imp. As biopróteses aórticas foram as mais acometidas por refluxo (55,8 por cento no Grupo D/M e 57,7 por cento no Grupo Imp). Evoluíram sem refluxo de prótese valvar no segundo pós-operatório 40 por cento dos pacientes com refluxo prévio D/M versus 21,4 por cento dos pacientes com refluxo de prótese valvar Imp. Não houve diferenças significantes nas variáveis laboratoriais. CONCLUSÕES: (1) Os portadores de refluxo importante têm maior probabilidade de reoperação. (2) Endocardite foi a causa mais frequente de reoperação para qualquer grau de refluxo. (3) O refluxo de prótese valvar importante é de mais difícil resolução completa após tratamento cirúrgico.

BACKGROUND: Prosthetic valve leak is a possible complication of surgical valve replacement. Although uncommon, its consequences may be serious. Few studies correlate the degree of prosthetic valve leak with clinical events. OBJECTIVE: To compare the postoperative outcome of patients with mild/moderate (Mi/Mo) or severe (Sev) prosthetic valve leak METHODS: A total of 185 patients with prosthetic valve leak were selected among 1350 patients undergoing heart valve surgery between 1999 and 2001. Of these, a sample of 58 patients (37 men) with prosthetic valve leak (36 with Mi/Mo versus 22 with Sev leak) in the pre and/or postoperative period of heart valve replacement had complete medical record data, so their clinical, laboratory and echocardiographic data could be retrospectively assessed. RESULTS: The incidence of reoperation was 11.1 percent in the Mi/Mo group, versus 22.7 percent in the Sev group (odds ratio = 2.35 [95 percent CI 0.56-9.94]). Endocarditis was the cause of reoperation in 75 percent of the patients of the Mi/Mo group and in 60 percent of the Sev group. Aortic bioprostheses were those most frequently related to leak (55.8 percent in the Mi/Mo group and 57.7 percent in the Sev group). Forty percent of the patients with previous Mi/Mo leak did not present prosthetic valve leak on postoperative day 2 versus 21.4 percent of the patients with Sev prosthetic valve leak. No significant differences were found regarding laboratory variables. CONCLUSIONS: (1) Patients with severe leak are more likely to undergo reoperation. (2) Endocarditis was the most frequent cause of reoperation for any leak degree. (3) Severe prosthetic valve leak is more difficult to fully resolve after surgical treatment.

FUNDAMENTO: El reflujo de prótesis valvular es una posible complicación de la cirugía de reemplazo valvular. Aunque raras, sus consecuencias pueden resultar severas. Hay pocos estudios que correlacionan el grado del reflujo de prótesis valvular con los eventos clínicos de los pacientes. OBJETIVO: Comparar la evolución postoperatoria de pacientes con reflujo de prótesis valvular leve/moderado (L/M) o severo (S). MÉTODOS: Teniendo en cuenta a los 1.350 pacientes sometidos a la cirugía valvular entre el 1999 y el 2001, se seleccionaron a 185 pacientes con reflujo de prótesis valvular. De ellos, se evaluaron retrospectivamente datos clínicos, laboratoriales y ecocardiográficos de una muestra de 58 pacientes (37 varones) con reflujo de prótesis valvular en el pre y/o en el postoperatorio de reemplazo valvular con datos completos en prontuarios, con 36 presentado reflujo L/M versus 22 con reflujo S. RESULTADOS: La incidencia de reoperación fue del 11,1 por ciento en el Grupo L/M versus el 22,7 por ciento en el Grupo S (odds ratio = 2,35 [IC95 por ciento 0,56-9,94]). La Endocarditis fue la causa de reoperación en el 75 por ciento de los pacientes del Grupo L/M y en el 60 por ciento del Grupo S. Las bioprótesis aórticas fueron las más afectadas por reflujo (el 55,8 por ciento en el Grupo L/M y el 57,7 por ciento en el Grupo S). Evolucionaron sin reflujo de prótesis valvular en el segundo postoperatorio el 40 por ciento de los pacientes con reflujo previo L/M versus el 21,4 por ciento de los pacientes con reflujo de prótesis valvular S. No hubo diferencia significantes en las variables laboratoriales. CONCLUSIÓN: 1) Los portadores de reflujo severo tienen mayor probabilidad de reoperación. 2) Endocarditis fue la causa más frecuente de reoperación para cualquier grado de reflujo. 3) El reflujo de prótesis valvular severo es de más difícil resolución completa tras tratamiento quirúrgico.

Temporal evolution of epithelial, vascular and interstitial lung injury in an experimental model of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis induced by butyl-hydroxytoluene.

This study was undertaken to test whether the structural remodelling of pulmonary parenchyma can be sequentially altered in a model and method that demonstrate the progression of the disease and result in remodelling within the lungs that is typical of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Three groups of mice were studied: (i) animals that received 3-5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxytoluene (BHT) and were killed after 2 weeks (early BHT = 9); (ii) animals that received BHT and were killed after 4 weeks (late BHT = 11); (iii) animals that received corn oil solution (control = 10). The mice were placed in a ventilated Plexiglas chamber with a mixture of pure humidified oxygen and compressed air. Lung histological sections underwent haematoxylin-eosin, immunohistochemistry (epithelial, endothelial and immune cells) and specific staining (collagen/elastic fibres) methods for morphometric analysis. When compared with the control group, early BHT and late BHT groups showed significant decrease of type II pneumocytes, lower vascular density in both and higher endothelial activity. CD4 was increased in late BHT compared with early and control groups, while CD8, macrophage and neutrophil cells were more prominent only in early BHT. The collagenous fibre density were significantly higher only in late BHT, whereas elastic fibre content in late BHT was lower than that in control group. We conclude that the BHT experimental model is pathologically very similar to human usual interstitial pneumonia. This feature is important in the identification of animal models of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis that can accurately reflect the pathogenesis and progression of the human disease.